WRITE A 2500W0RDS ESSAY DICUSSING CRITICALLY HOW SEA MIGHT ACT AS A

WRITE A 2500W0RDS DICUSSING CRITICALLY HOW SEA MIGHT ACT AS A CATALAYST FOR INNOVATION WITHIN A SECTOR OF YOUR CHOICE.ILLUSTRATE YOUR ANSWER WITH REAL EXAMPLES - Essay Example roach towards the assessment of environment which has became a debatable topic globally since it provides a strategic approach to resolve environmental issues and challenges. The work represents the innovative role of SEA in improving the Nigerian Transportation issues and challenges. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a collection of strategic approaches with an aim of integrating the various environmental considerations to support the sustainable development of the environment. SEA is an effort to have a strategic approach towards the various environmental issues which requires critical analysis and participatory approaches for integrating all of the environmental issues and present them in format of policies, plans, and programmes. The other aspect of SEA is to synchronize those policies and plans with the available social and economic considerations to have a holistic assessment of sustainable development (DAC, 2006). The process of SEA helps in ensuring the developmental activities towards the environment which are taking place according to the policies, plans, and programmes developed through the process. The tool of SEA has proved to be an effective measure in achieving the sustainable development in context of public planning and policy developme nt (SEA-info, 2008). The SEA is performed prior to the introduction of environmental impact assessment (EIA) which serve as a decision making process concerned to the environmental issues and considerations. Due to the early requirement of SEA it is also considered as the key approach towards the achievement of sustainable development (UNECE, 2003). The SEA can be described as a method of identifying the way which supports the application of relevant procedural criteria into the decision making process. The underlying concept of SEA is based on criteria such as the functional description of the process of decision making, decision windows, various implications of decision windows onto the environmental

Mcdonalds vs Burger King Essay Example for Free

Mcdonalds vs Burger King Essay In 1940, McDonald’s was first opened in San Bernardino, California by two men, Dick and Mac McDonald. At first, it was called McDonald’s Bar-B-Que. In 1948, the restaurant was shut down for three months for alterations. The menu was reduced to nine items: hamburgers, cheeseburgers, soft drinks, coffee, potato chips, and a slice of pie. They then changed their name to McDonalds as they changed their menu and stop serving Bar-b-Que. In 1954, Burger King was first opened by Keith Kramer and his wife. It was first named Insta Burger King, because they used an insta broiler. Since it was failing in 1959, James McLamore and David R. Edgerton purchased it and changed its name to Burger King. The duo ran the company as an independent entity for eight years, eventually expanding to over 250 locations in the United States, when they sold it to the Pillsbury Company in 1967. The menu has evolved from just burgers, fries, and shakes to just about everything that McDonalds has. McDonald’s has a mascot that is named Ronald McDonald. So, in order to keep up with what McDonald’s was doing, Burger King came up with their own mascot not too far from McDonald’s, they have the King as there mascot. Burger King has recently fired the King mascot, because they said a couple commercials scared children. They have yet found another mascot. McDonald’s has the Ronald McDonald House to help sick kids. Burger King has not done that as of yet, but they do have what is called the Burger King scholarship, which is available to employees and their family. I have worked for Burger King for almost four years, and I cannot stand the food they have there. Every week, Burger King copies something on the McDonald’s menu. I do not understand why they cannot create their own ideas. McDonalds, to me, has better tasting burgers and fries. McDonald’s has fried burgers and Burger King has grilled burgers. But Burger Kings burgers do not have a charcoal taste because they use a gas broiler, so to me it tastes like burned meat. I love the taste of McDonald’s burgers and fries. My favorite is the mcdouble or the big mac. Everything that McDonald’s Burger King is not too far behind. Starting next week Burger King is getting rid of the cheesy bacon wrap and getting the breakfast burrito. Just like McDonalds. Next week we are also getting some familiar thing from McDonalds like the frapachino, smoothies, new salads, and new flavored coffees. They are also in talks to come out with a cookie called the Kings cookies. Starting no later than mid-June Burger King will be getting all new uniforms that are almost the same as McDonalds. The managers such as me will have white shirts with ties, and the crew members will have red shirts. McDonald’s has the big mac Burger King have the deluxe topper which is the same as the big mac but just has two slices of bread and one thick meat patty. McDonald’s has ice cream cones for a dollar; Burger King just got ice cream cones for a dollar. McDonald’s has a spice chicken sandwich Burger King have a spicy chicken both for a dollar. McDonalds has chicken nuggets Burger King has chicken tenders. Burger King is getting a southern style chicken sandwich called the King crispy chicken sandwich McDonald’s has the original home style chicken sandwich. McDonald’s has the quarter pounder, and Burger King has the chef’s choice or the whopper. McDonald’s has the fish filet Burger King has the big fish. One thing I can say about Burger King is they have croissants and onion rings where McDonalds does not. This week we have got some more familiar items like McDonalds. White bags, we use to have the big brown bags that said Burger king all over them, now Burger King has white bags, just like McDonalds that say Burger King only in the top corner. And when it comes to the chicken tenders or chicken Mcnuggets again Burger King is trying to copy McDonalds once again. We use to have chicken tenders shaped like a crown or a lightning bolt. But when they looked at the sales of McDonald’s chicken nuggets and our chicken tenders they put them under construction and now we have chicken tenders just like the ones McDonalds has shape and all. But the ones Burger King’s has are not as crispy and the ones McDonalds has. They say they are all white meat but I beg to differ. If it is all white meat then it is the bone to. I must say that the new chicken tenders at Burger king are much better than the old one I would still rather have the ones from McDonalds then from Burger king. McDonalds has chicken select and Burger King has just came out with chicken strips. Everything right down to the size count and the sauces to go with it. One thing that Burger King is starting new is that they are trying to introduce all fresh items on its menu. They are using new fresh cut lettuces, onions, salads, and trying to become a healthier restaurant. Something new that McDonalds is trying is in their kid’s meals they are giving a smaller fry and also giving the kids apple slices. Burger King has yet to jump on this concept, but I’m sure it is not too far behind. So as you can see right down to the mascot Burger King is trying to keep up with everything that McDonalds does. The fast food business is a multi-billion dollar industry. The two businesses running in the lead is McDonald’s and Burger King. McDonalds is still the leader of the pack with Burger King not too far behind. The two fast food businesses are in close competition with each other. And have sales above all the rest. There are McDonald’s and Burger King corporate and franchises stores all over the world. McDonald’s has more stores both corporate and franchise store all over the world. But Burger King is not too far behind. Pretty much, whichever restaurant you go to, you will get the same kind of items. Fast food will always be the most popular choice in the hospitality industry, for those on the go that want to pick up a quick bit to eat.

Relationship between Parental Rejection and Loneliness

Relationship between Parental Rejection and Loneliness Tazrin Akkas Zinia INTRODUCTION In the literature there are many different dimensions such as acceptance, affection control, warmth permissiveness, restrictiveness, and demandingness about the child rearing attitudes or parental behavior. Children all over the world need a specific form of positive response (acceptance) from parents and others attachment figures. When this need is not met satisfactorily, children everywhere regardless of variations in culture gender, age or, other such defining conditions tend to report different types of behavior and attitudes. Humans have over the course of evaluation, developed the biologically based emotional need for positive response from parents and other attachment figures. This need includes an emotional wish desire, or yearning (whether consciously recognized or not) for comfort, support care, concern, nurturance and over all positive regard from people with whom they have affection bonds of attachment. For this reason, parental acceptance-rejection is an important part of children’s lives at different stages of their development. Parents may be warm and loving or hostile and rejecting. Each pattern of parental behavior effects the personality development of children. According to interpersonal theory given by Sullivan (1953) the self system that is a person’s perception of self, is a significant component of personality, which develops through interaction with significant figures in the environment. In later life people respond according to this self system, whether people see the self as good or bad depends on their past perceptions. Rohner gave his famous Parental acceptance-rejection theory, widely known as a theory of socialization which attempts to explain and predict the antecedents, correlations and consequences of parental acceptance and rejection throughout the globe. It focuses on four major issues, one of them is the behavioral, cognitive and emotional development of children and adult personality functioning. Every person has experienced the warmth and affection provided by someone important to him/her, who is called the parent not necessarily, mother and father. This warmth and affection is a range from a great deal to none, where one end is named parental acceptance while the other one is termed rejection (Rohner, 2000a).According to the findings of a study conducted over worldwide love sample and American sample, parental hostility was significantly related to certain personality dispositions including hostility, negative self esteem and self adequacy, emotional instability, negative world view and dependency (Rohner). â€Å"Parenting† means providing care, support and love in a way that leads to a child’ includes being responsible for the child physicals need. It means creating a nurturing environment of attention, encouragement thus parenting involvement. It also means providing guidance for the children. It also means providing guidance for the children. Thus parenting involves meeting the Childs physical, mental, emotional and social needs. Both parental acceptance and rejection consist the warmth dimensions of parenting. According to PART theory, parental acceptance refers to the warmth, affection, care, comfort, concern, nurturance, support, or simply love that parents and others can feel and express toward their children, and others. Acceptance has two principle behavioral expressions: physical and verbal. Physical expressions of acceptance include hugging, fondling, caressing, approving glances, kissing, smiling, and other such indications of endearment, approval, or support. Expressions of verbal acceptance include praising, complimenting, saying nice things to or about the child or other person, perhaps singing songs or telling stories to a young child, and the like. A feelings and behaviors and by the presence of a variety of physically and psychologically hurtful behaviors and affects. The most broadly accepted definition of loneliness is the distress that results from discrepancies between ideal and perceived social relationships. This so-called cognitive Discrepancy perspective makes it clear that loneliness is not synonymous with being alone, nor does being with others guarantee protection from feelings of loneliness. Loneliness is the distressing feeling that occurs when one’s social relationships are perceived as being less Satisfying than what is desired. This entry describes how loneliness is conceived and measured; How loneliness is mentally represented; how loneliness influences thoughts, feelings, and Behaviors; and consequences of loneliness for health and wellbeing. Loneliness is related to a number of personal characteristics including low self esteem, shyness, feelings of alienation, external locus of control and belief that the word is not a just place that are associated with depression .( Jones, Freeman, in press). The term â€Å"depression’’ in the study refers to the central features of depressive to disorders, such as, depressed, mood, pessimistic ,thinking ,lack of enjoyment ,reduced energy and slowness. Of these, depressed mood is usually, but not invariably the most prominent symptom. (Gelder, Gath, Mayo and Cowen, 1996) some researchers showed that depression might have different manifestation in different cultures, for example, in an Indian study; it was found that depression had varied manifestations like depressed mood, anxiety, somatic, features, insomnia, obsessions etc (Puri etal, 1995). Literature review Stogdill (1937) said that, â€Å"The empirical study of parental acceptance-rejection has a history going back to the 1890s. It was not until the 1930s, however, that a more-or-less continuous body of empirical research began to appear dealing with the effects of parental acceptance-rejection.† Among, different programs of research on acceptance rejection, the work of Rohner and colleagues are most highly developed. Almost 400 studies have been completed in more than 60 nations internationally, as well as in every major ethnic group of America (Rohner, 2004a). Khaleque and Rohner, (2002a) experiment A meta analysis showed that, approximately 26% of the variability in children’s psychological adjustment and 21% of that is adult’s is accounted for by(parental as well as maternal) acceptance rejection. Roher, Uddin, Shamsunnaher Khaleque (2008) showed that, Among Japanese adult’s, remembered parental acceptance made an independent and significant contribution to men’s adjustment whereas only remembered maternal acceptance made an independent and significant contribution to men’s adjustment . Chyung Lee, 2008; Parmer Rohner, 2005; Rohner Khaleque, 2008, found several research findings and suggest that â€Å"remembrance of father’s (but not mother’s) acceptance in childhood are uniquely associated with variations in the psychological adjustment of adult people† Varan Rohner Eryuksel, (2005) conducted A study which is supports conclusions, from the preceding research, and thus suggests the possibility of a universal relation between individual’s mental health status and their perceptions of acceptance rejection by parents and intimate adult partners . In addition to issues of psychological adjustment, evidence also strongly implicates at least three other mental health issues of parental acceptance rejection .these issues are(1)depression and depressed affect,(2)behavior problems including conduct disorders, externalizing behaviors, and delinquency, (3) substance (drug and alcohol) abuse (rohner britner,2002). Rohner Veneziono (2001; 2000, 2003) concluted that father love(acceptance-rejection) is often as strongly implicated as mother love in the development of behavioral and psychological problems as well as in the development of offspring’s sense of health and well being . Rationale of the study Very few empirical investigations are available in Bangladesh context to highlight the relationship between parental acceptance-rejection and mental health problems .loneliness and depression are prominent psychiatric disorders in Bangladesh and so would be considered with priority. By this study we will be able to contribute to the understanding of the parents to appropriate parenting behaviors which are necessary for the good mental health for their children. And without good mental health they will be unable to contribute the future national developmental process. Furthermore this study will be able to enrich the PART theory. Objectivity of the study The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation of parental acceptance-rejection with loneliness depression. Considering above reviews and objectives of the study two hypotheses were formulated. Hypotheses1: parental rejection would be positively correlated with loneliness. Hypotheses2: parental rejection would be positively correlated with depression. Method Research design In present study, for investigating relation of parental–rejection with anxiety and depression, correlation and multiple regression analysis will be used. Sample A sample of 100 individuals will be used, 50 males and 50females. Their ages range from 20 to 50. At the time of this investigation, all of the participants are university students and studying different areas. Instruments Demographic Information Form: It gathered information related to the personal life of the participants for example, age, gender, academic qualification, number of siblings, birth order, family system etc. Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire/Control: Father mother-Short Form (Adult PARQ/ Control: Father mother-Short Form, Rohner, 2005, Urdu translation by Munaf, Kamrani Hussain 2009): It measures the adult’s perception of father’s and mother’s acceptance-rejection in their childhood. This 29 items self reported questionnaire measures five dimensions of paternal behavior that are coldness/lack of affection, hostility/aggression, indifference/neglect, undifferentiated/rejection and control, that can be rated on four-point Likert scale ranges from almost always true (4), sometimes true (3), rarely true (2) and almost never true (1).Its cumulative score indicates perceived father acceptance-rejection; score at or below the midpoint of test scores means acceptance while high score is indicative of rejection. According to Khaleque and Rohner (2002) it is an empirically validated instrument used by researcher and in clinical settings as reliable measures. The revised UCLA loneliness scale was to develop to measure loneliness. It is a 20 items. Likert type scale.20 items of English version were translated into Bengali. The English and Bangla version were administered to 50 subjects with a gap of 7 days. Significant correlation [r48=.88,p>01] between scores of English and Bangla version indicated translation reliability of the scale that were measured the something by the two version . Each of the 20 items is scored such that a 1 indicates lack of loneliness and a 4 indicates high level of loneliness. Adapted Bangla version of The Geriatric Depression Scale : GDS (Brink et al., 1982) would be used to measure depression of people. GDS is Geriatric ally oriented scale for depression. It consists of 30 items which include symptoms like lowered affect, inactivity, irritability, withdrawal, distressing thoughts, and negative judgments about past, present, and future. Each item is worded as a question and respondents are asked to reply in â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† fashion. Each â€Å"yes† answer receives 1 point, except on reverse-scored items. Where â€Å"no† receives answer zero point. Ten items are reversed-scored. Total score of the scale ranges from 0 to 30 and a score of 0 to 10 is considered to be the range for normal no depression, scores of 11-20 indicate mild depression and 21-30 moderate to major depression. The reliability coefficient of split half (Spearman-Brown) was .81 and alpha (Cronbach) was .84 which were highly significant indicating the int ernal consistency of the scale. Procedure The above instruments will be administered individually to the members of the sample. They will be informed of the purpose of the present study and necessary rapport will be established before administering the questionnaires. The respondents will be instructed to read the items of the scales attentively and to respond rapidly. They will be asked to give tick (√) mark in the appropriate box. They will be also requested not to omit any item in the questionnaire and will be talk to them no right or wrong answer and no time limit for answering. Data Analyses A descriptive analysis of the variables will be presented such as the respondents by age, sex, SES. Then, a multiple regression analysis will be carried out to see how much respondents’ loneliness and depression can be explained by the parental acceptance and rejection.

1720s and 1820a :: American History

In the 1720’s to the 1820’s there were several events, changes, and processes that occurred in America. The three events I am choosing to analyze are: The Great Awakening, The Revolution, and The Market Economy. Each one of these events had a cultural, social and economic aspect. Each one of these events had different impacts and was manifested in several different ways. The first event I will be analyzing is The Great Awakening. â€Å"The Great Awakening cut across lines of class, status, and education† (Boyer â€Å"Bonds of Empire†, P. 86). â€Å"The American Protestantism was split† (Boy â€Å"Bonds of Empire†, P. 87). â€Å"In 1741 Old and New Light Presbyterians formed rival branches that reunited in 1758 when the revivalists emerged victorious† (Boyer â€Å"Bonds of Empire†, P. 87). â€Å"Members of Anglican churches started leaving and going to New Light Presbyterians and Baptists† (Boyer â€Å"Bonds of Empire†, P. 87). â€Å"The Great Awakening stimulated the founding of new colleges unscarred by religious wars† (Boyer â€Å"Bonds of Empire†, P. 87). With the Great awakening for the cultural effect was that they found different churches for others to go to and enjoyed more. They also found colleges that are really well-known colleges today. The next event I chose to ana lyze is The Revolution. During the Revolution, there were social changes that affected several different races, classes and genders. The four groups that the Revolution had an effect on the social changes were: white men, White women, Black Americans, and Native Americas. With the Revolution effecting the white men by â€Å"wearing homespun clothing in support of boycotts of British goods (Boyer, â€Å"Defining Nationhood†, p. 128). When the Virginia planters organized militia companies in 1775, they wore plain hunting shirts so that they didn’t embarrass the poorest farmer for his clothes so that they could enlist† (Boyer, â€Å"Defining Nationhood†, p. 128). While men were out in the war the â€Å"women stayed home and managed families, households, farms and businesses on their own† (Boyer, â€Å"Defining Nationhood†, P. 129). For the Black Americans, it started to show others that slavery was not a good thing. â€Å"The war, nevertheless, presented new opportuni ties to African-Americans† (Boyer, â€Å"Defining Nationhood†, P. 130). â€Å"The slaves were even trying to escape as all the confusion that was going on and pose as a freeman† (Boyer, â€Å"Defining Nationhood†, p. 130). Even though the Revolution showed new opportunities to the African-Americans it â€Å"didn’t end slavery nor brought equality to free blacks, but it did begin a process by which slavery could be extinguished† (Boyer â€Å"Defining Nationhood†, p.

Grendel as a Sympathetic Character Essay

Can you imagine being born and automatically being considered evil? This is what happens to Grendel. Throughout the book everyone’s feelings towards Grendel is that of a bad person or creature. In Grendel my sympathy for Grendel fluctuates. Grendel starts out as a sympathetic character because he is an innocent curious child with a mother who doesn’t talk, and lives in a cave. As the story moves on Grendel is misunderstood then starts to make decisions that makes my sympathy for him decrease. Throughout the book there are three stages to Grendels’ life. The first stage starts off with his childhood, which he spends exploring and questioning. He eventually finds the lake of firesnakes and the land after it is his introduction to a larger world full of danger and knowledge. The second stage starts when a bull attacks Grendel; this teaches Grendel that the world is full of danger and makes him question the meaning of life. Grendel tries to figure out the meaning of life by observing how humans go through life and it interests him. While Grendel is trapped and getting attacked by a bull some humans intervene and see him trapped. Grendel tries talking to the humans and ask for help, and all of a sudden they attack Grendel because they do not understand him and fear him because of his appearance. Grendel’s mother comes to the rescue to save her son. How could one be a monster yet be saved by his mother? This is an example of my sympathy for Grendel who is a misunderstood creature. Grendel eventually sees how Hrothgar treats other humans and decides that he does not like what he does to them. He eventually attacks the people in the mead hall all of the soldiers, which makes me lose sympathy for him but I could see why he does it. It is a personal feeling Grendel has towards Hrothgar. Grendel is a character that goes through many stages throughout the story, but to be born from evil does not necessarily make you evil. He was just a curious little creature who was still babied by his mother in the beginning and then learns of humans and does not like the way that they treat each other and eventually is killed by Beowulf.

How to Write a Great TOEFL or TOEIC Essay

How to Write a Great TOEFL or TOEIC Essay Writing an essay can be a difficult enough task as it is; writing it a language that is your first language is even harder. If youre taking the TOEFL or the TOEIC and have to complete a writing assessment, then read these instructions for organizing a great five-paragraph essay in English. Paragraph One: The Introduction This first paragraph, made up of 3-5 sentences, has two purposes: grabbing the readers attention, and providing the main point (thesis) of the whole essay. To get the readers attention, your first few sentences are key. Use descriptive words, an anecdote, a striking question or an interesting fact related to your topic to draw the reader in. To state your main point, your last sentence in the first paragraph is key. Your first few sentences of the introduction basically introduce the topic and grab the readers attention. The last sentence of the introduction tells the reader what you think about the assigned topic and lists the points that youre going to write about in the essay.Heres an example of a good introductory paragraph given the topic, Do you think teenagers should have jobs while they are still students?: Ive worked ever since I was twelve. As a teenager, I cleaned houses for my family members, made banana splits at an ice cream parlor, and waited tables at various restaurants. I did it all while carrying a pretty good grade point average in school, too! I definitely believe that teenagers should have jobs while they are still students because a job teaches discipline, earns them cash for school, and keeps them out of trouble. Paragraphs Two - Four: Explaining Your Points Once youve stated your thesis, you have to explain yourself! The thesis in the example introduction was I definitely believe that teenagers should have jobs while they are still students because a job teaches discipline, earns them cash for school, and keeps them out of trouble. The job of the next three paragraphs is to explain the points of your thesis using statistics, examples from your life, literature, the news or other places, facts, examples, and anecdotes. Paragraph Two: Explains the first point from your thesis: Teenagers should have jobs while they are still students because a job teaches discipline. Paragraph Three: Explains the second point from your thesis: Teenagers should have jobs while they are still students because a job earns them cash for school. Paragraph Four: Explains the third point from your thesis: Teenagers should have jobs while they are still students because a job keeps them out of trouble. In each of the three paragraphs, your first sentence, called the topic sentence, will be the point youre explaining from your thesis. After the topic sentence, youll write 3-4 more sentences explaining why this fact is true. The last sentence should transition you to the next topic. Heres an example of what paragraph two would look like: First, teenagers should have jobs while they are still students because a job teaches discipline. When I was working at the ice cream store, I had to show up every day on time or I would have gotten fired. That taught me how to keep a schedule, which is a big part of learning discipline. As I cleaned the floors and washed the windows of my family members homes, I knew they would be checking up on me, so I worked hard to do my best, which taught me an important facet of discipline, which is thoroughness. But being disciplined isnt the only reason its a good idea for teenagers to work during school; it can also bring in the money! Paragraph Five: Concluding the Essay Once youve written the introduction, explained your main points in the body of the essay, transitioning nicely between them all, your final step is to conclude the essay. The conclusion, made up of 3-5 sentences, has two purposes: to recap what youve stated in the essay, and leave a lasting impression on the reader. To recap, your first few sentences are key. Restate the three major points of your essay in different words, so you know the reader has understood where you stand. To leave a lasting impression, your last sentences are key. Leave the reader with something to think about before ending the paragraph. You could try a quote, a question, an anecdote, or simply a descriptive sentence. Heres an example of a conclusion: I cant speak for anyone else, but my experience has taught me that having a job while being a student is a very good idea. Not only does it teach people to have character in their lives, it can give them the tools they need to succeed like money for college tuition or a good reputation. Sure, its hard to be a teenager without the added pressure of a job, but with all the benefits of having one, its too important not to make the sacrifice. Like Mike would say, Just do it.

Chinas FDI essays

China's FDI essays Critically Discuss the Employment Impacts of FDI upon China China attracted a record $52.7bn (32.9bn) in foreign direct investment (hereby referred to as FDI) in 2002. The Chinese government made it easier for foreign companies to expand in China and entry into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2001 has resulted in liberalisation in some industries. A United Nations report has indicated China will become the top recipient of foreign director investment (FDI), overtaking the US. The state media reported that China expected to attract about $100bn in FDI a year between 2006 to 2010 (BBC, 2003a). With inflation low, labour cheap and plentiful, urbanisation driving demand, and a savings rate of 30% providing easy capital, China is a manufacturer's dream. No wonder the Pearl River Delta in the south-east of the country, once a rural backwater dominated by rice paddies, has turned into the world's factory floor (BBC, 2004). Chinese urban growth is unique, large and complex, and has provoked much scholarship. Before the period of economic reforms, China seemed to be in a stage of under-urbanization. By previous assessments, its urban development has been greatly influenced by national political ideologies and development strategies. Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, the Chinese urban system has experienced spectacular growth, accompanied by a rapid rise of urbanization levels from about 20% to more than 36%. In the 1980s, in the face of strong pressures for urban in-migration due to the relaxation of rural-urban migration control, policy was strictly controlling the size of large cities, rationally developing medium-sized cities, and vigorously developing small cities. However, in reality, Chinas policy of controlling large city growth has not been effectively implemented, and large cities grew at a much faster pace in the past decade. Large city growth remains appreciable, due largely to...

Ascertain whether the EU suffers from a democratic deficit Essays

Ascertain whether the EU suffers from a democratic deficit Essays Ascertain whether the EU suffers from a democratic deficit Essay Ascertain whether the EU suffers from a democratic deficit Essay To ascertain whether the EU suffers from a democratic deficit, we should determine the meaning of the word democracy in context. It is Greek in origin1 meaning rule by the people and the very least we should expect in terms of democracy in the EC law making process is that those institutions wielding power should be accountable to the European citizen through their elected representatives. In addition, those same institutions and organisations should also ensure the legislative process is open, accessible and understandable to the public. The Commission is an unelected body consisting of twenty Commissioners that are appointed (or nominated) by their respective governments. Wielding vast legislative powers, they carry out a number of functions according to Art 211 of the Treaty. Most importantly, the Commission initiates all legislative procedures and would describe itself2 as the driving force behind European integration, whether this is an appropriate role for an unelected body remains to be seen. However, it is the Council that is arguably the most important and probably most misunderstood of the EU institutions3. Comprising the members Heads of State plus the President of the Commission, they deliberate in secret. The most important function of the Council is to make decisions on Community legislation, usually on the basis of a Commission proposal. The third (and only directly elected) institution of the EC legislative order is the European Parliament. Performing a vital function for democracy in the EC, Parliament scrutinises Commission proposals for legislation, votes on amendments, and can in theory dismiss the Commission. These MEPs serve a five-year term, although electoral turnout has never been particularly good, many feel the democratic mandate enjoyed by Parliament warrants a greater legislative input. In addition to the three main institutions are the national Parliaments and the Committee of Regions (members include regional, local leaders and councillors). The national Parliaments are given an important role in the implementation of Community law i. e. the enactment of Directives under Art 249. The membership of the Committee of Regions is also determined by the respective national governments, although they have only weak consultative functions. It is the European Parliament that enjoys the most independence; under their rules of procedure voting is on an individual basis. Due to the weakness of the political leadership structure it is difficult to sanction rebel members allowing for truly individual standpoints that should, in theory, represent the desires of their electorate. MEPs should therefore, perhaps provide an effective check against the Council when legislating, prompted by more independent considerations than the sometimes short-term goals of government ministers. The role of the European Parliament has developed from that of a consultative assembly to something more like a traditional legislative body and under the Treaty of Rome, Parliament had a right only to be consulted on certain areas of EEC legislation. Contrasting with the present day, the proportion of policy areas in which the Parliament is involved has increased to 73 per cent as opposed to 18 per cent of the original EEC Treaty. If it can be said that the Commission acts at the executive then they are formally accountable to Parliament, who may actually remove the members of the Commission with a two-thirds majority in a vote of no confidence. In fact, the Commission might have been removed from office in its entirety in 1998. Although this never came to pass, Parliament did establish of a committee to investigate allegations of fraud and mismanagement in the Commission. The threat of such action lead to the resignation of the Commission, the report4 containing the sentence, it is becoming increasingly difficult to find anyone [in the Commission] who has even the slightest sense of responsibility. Parliaments controls over the Commission can therefore be regarded as extreme, where only severe circumstances (such as the above) can force the will of the Commission. Other less extreme checks and balances seem less potent as Art 192 only allows Parliament to request the Commission submit an appropriate proposal on matters which it considers the EC should legislate. Here the commission is not legally bound to draw up such a proposal. In addition, when the Commission holds such power as to be able to disregard Parliamentary proposals, the electorate should have some confidence in the selection of said Commissioners. Previously (before TEU) they were appointed by the member states, yet Parliament now has some control over who sits on the commission as they may veto or block candidates. Following the Treaty of Amsterdam Parliament can now veto presidential candidates, the President able to veto member states choices for membership of the Commission. A legitimate Commission is certainly essential with regards to the much-maligned Comitology procedure; the situation where the Commission may itself legislate via powers by the Council of Ministers. This delegated legislation deals with the detailed implementation of Council acts, upheld by the European Court of Justice in early case law such as Koster5. The Council retains an element of control over the Commission in this respect by the use of management committees, consisting of representatives from national governments, usually Civil Servants to whom the Commission must submit drafts of the measures it intends to adopt. The Civil Servants control of measures is divided into three areas advisory committees (merely able to give advice), management committees (may delay the Commissions ability to act) and regulatory committees (which may block the Commissions actions). Variations on these procedures have given rise to over four hundred Committees that further complicate matters, removing any semblance of transparency. Supporters of the Comitology procedure would argue that it helps implement EC legislation and helps the structurally overburdened Commission. However, the procedure has also been criticised for derogating from the Commissions right to exercise powers delegated to it, and thus distorting the institutional structure set up by the Treaty. The European Parliament in particular strongly opposes the procedure for its lack of democratic input. Perhaps, these Committees should indeed be held accountable to the elected body as it currently results in unelected bureaucrats exercising a strong hold over Community legislation through complex procedures, which are not transparent even to experts. Although, the Commission chose to implement the regulatory committee in forty per cent of the cases in which it was used, they are still well placed to determine the agendas through the chairing of meetings. Parliament has even gone as far as (unsuccessfully) challenging the procedure in Court, arguing that decisions here undermined the rights of executive control. At present, there are four forms of law making within the EC which Parliament have varying degrees of control over: consultation, co-operation, co-decision and assent. The consultation procedure demands that the Council consult Parliament before coming to a decision on Community secondary law. Failure to consult can lead to an instrument being struck down6, yet this really gives very little power to Parliament as the Council may still disregard their opinion. The co-operation procedure, introduced by Art 252 establishes a first and second reading in areas largely affecting the internal market. Here Parliament can force the Council to a unanimous vote on a legislative proposal or table amendments that the Council must reconsider. However, this procedure is almost redundant applying exclusively to EMU matters Co-decision is where Parliament can ultimately reject a proposal submitted by the Council. Here Parliament is entitled to propose amendments, which the Council must adopt unanimously if the Commission also has a negative opinion. The veto powers of Parliament can only take effect if the conciliation committee cannot agree on a common position. The procedure being used approximately 20 per cent of the time only. Finally, the assent procedure is required to be followed in six instances, where proposals may not be enacted unless assent is given by Parliament. They may not amend the proposals, simply approve or reject the measures an all or nothing scenario. The real negotiations regarding the co-decision procedure tend not to take place at conciliation meetings, but rather at the Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER). This group of Civil Servants, who are attached to the Council, scrutinise and agree on legislation before it reaches the Council proper i. e. unelected technocrats or bureaucrats are given preliminary responsibility for proposing legislation. This may at first seem unreasonable, yet Civil Servants of many nations currently contribute to legislative proposal with regards to Public Law. It is the involvement in the co-decision procedure and the opacity with which they work that may undermine the democratic ideal. This lack of transparency is not confined to COREPER, it appears to be endemic of the EC legal system. Declaration No. 17 annexed to the EC Treaty (by the TEU) stipulates that transparency of the decision-making process is needed to strengthen the democratic nature of the institutions and to restore public confidence in the EU EC. Improvements in this nature are slowly forthcoming and although the Council debates are in secret, they hold a public debate every six months with other debates possible on major issues of Community interests and major legislative proposals, only if there is a unanimous vote by Council. Yet transparency is a crucial instrument in bringing the Community closer to its citizens and in increasing their confidence in its operation, such confidence being a key element in any democracy. 7 The Commissions deliberations also remain secret, although they have embarked on a process of simplifying and streamlining EC legislation to make it more accessible and easier to understand for the EU citizen. The publishing of some legislative proposals in the Official Journal, with details of where those interested can obtain documents and how they can respond to them, will certainly help bring the legislative processes closer to the citizen. Though why this should have taken so long to happen is confusing as Art 1 of the treaty, marks an ever closer union n which decisions are taken as openly as possible to the citizen. This would also suggest means the devolution of authority to the lowest level of government capable of performing duties within the legislative procedures, meaning that power should be delegated to local authorities rather than member states governments. Yet it is this very principle that threatens to undermine the democratic mandate, undermining the position of the MEPs and seemingly underlining the supremacy that some national Parliaments feel they still retain (by simply deferring supremacy through Acts of Parliament). With a low turnout at European elections we hardly need the principle of subsidiarity to be used as a possible basis for challenge to the validity of community legislation. For many the most appropriate was to enhance democracy in the EU is to enhance the role of national Parliaments in EC EU decision-making. The UK Parliament having two select committees: House of Commons Select Committee on European Legislation and House of Lords Select Committee on the EC. These scrutinises draft laws and instructs the government minister in the Council on how to vote, whether there is enough time in an already busy schedule is debateable. Perhaps, an enhanced European Parliament should take sole responsibility for this role as it is they who are the elected representatives of the EU citizen. Interests of national sovereignty must however, be appeased if continued negotiation is to take place at summit level. The question of democracy clearly points to the role of the European Parliament (as the only directly elected body) having only a minor role in the legislative process as opposed to the question of delegation to Committees controlled by the Council. Perhaps the Parliament should be given a greater opportunity not only to propose but also to enact legislation. In order to achieve this there will have to be a greater affinity between the European Community as an institution and its citizens as MEPs can hardly be described as currently acting upon a democratic mandate when electoral turnout is so low. This may be gradually achieved over time or accelerated with a Bill of Rights or Constitution. However, it is worth saying that although a democratic deficit exists within the ECs legal system, it has come a long way in a very short time.

Influence Of Cultural Differences On HRM Practices Research Paper

Influence Of Cultural Differences On HRM Practices - Research Paper Example In order to understand the implications of culture on HRM practices, it is important to learn how culture is perceived by stakeholders mainly labor in an organization and also how it manifests into organizational policies and procedures. According to Hofstede (2001), a culture is a social phenomenon which is learned, shared, trans-generational, symbolic, patterned and adaptive. Also, it is a multilayered phenomenon which is easy to observe but difficult to change in terms of its foundation. These layers of culture include artifacts, espoused beliefs and underlying assumptions (Schein, 2004). In addition to that, culture defines commonality existing in preferences of the workforce and their responsiveness towards organizational practices. Since it defines shared notions driving workforce, labor tends to discard any practice that is inconsistent with it or creates ambiguity. Furthermore, culture is a stable phenomenon which is difficult to change at least in the short-term. Hofstede (2 001) further asserts that five fundamental dimensions of management define how the behavior of human resource alters itself in different cultures. These dimensions include power distance between management and labor, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity versus femininity and long-term versus short-term orientation. A careful analysis of these dimensions would illustrate the rationale behind differences among organizational practices prevailing in US and UAE. In extension to Hofstede’s work, Aycan et al. (2000) explain that a culture governing workforce of an organization comprises of internal traditions, the external environment surrounding the organization and socio-cultural norms existing in that particular social segment whereas this combination is known as a model of cultural fit. Organizations tend to follow HRM practices that conform to their internal model showing compliance with organizational objectives and traditions followed by the wor kforce.  

Helen Keller Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Helen Keller - Research Paper Example Helen Keller’s writing is faultless; she has authored numerous articles, letters and books, yet manages to maintain the same endearing finesse in each one of them. Helen owed this literary prowess to her teacher, friend and confidant - Ann Sullivan; Sullivan’s fixation on non-erroneous writing laid the foundation for how Helen Keller wrote in the future (Goddy 22). One must realize that the beauty in language displayed in Keller’s work cannot be learnt as this is a gift of nature; however, having the right teacher can either stifle this gift or stimulate it. Fortunately, for Keller, she had the advantage of having an educator who understood the importance of furnishing one’s students with rich and sufficient literary content. Mastery in writing is not something that one learns in isolation; one requires frequent exposure to various stylistic forms, which can only come from reading good books. Miss Sullivan had excellent taste in literature; she wanted Keller to learn from the best of them thus explaining why she chose slightly mature books for Helen’s age. â€Å"Tales from Shakespeare† and â€Å"Montaigne† were just some of the several classics that formed part of Sullivan’s selections for her young protà ©gà ©. Ann Sullivan’s love and passion for proper English nourished Keller’s literary talent; if this enthusiasm were absent, it is likely that Keller would only have read juvenile literature. Her manner of expression may not have grown to professional levels, and she may not have been the great author that many now know and love. Perhaps Sullivan’s most profound influence in Helen’s life was during her seventh year when Keller discovered the joys of language. Ann found a way of getting through to Keller when no one else was able to do so; she used her background as a former visually-impaired person to teach Keller the marvels language. In fact, Helen often credits her discovery of the world

How can cognitive behaviour therapy be modified to fit the needs of Essay

How can cognitive behaviour therapy be modified to fit the needs of young children - Essay Example The client works together with the therapist in developing skills relevant for recognizing ill full thoughts, testing adjusting beliefs, changing behavior, and how one relates with other people. Normally, many clients in need of cognitive therapy suffer from assumptions that direct them to certain reactions. Among the assumptions are the thoughts of unworthiness, under-estimation of achievements, over-generalization of issues, maximization of negative issues and minimization of positives. For example, person who would have lost their job due to an avoidable mistake might believe they are useless. Such persons may focus on the mistake that happened and use the mistake to justify their feeling of themselves. The believe leads the individuals to damaging emotions like frustration and hopelessness (Scaruffi, n.d., p1). Such persons see themselves as losers and thus start keeping to themselves in effort to avoid making similar mistakes in the future. A prolonged feeling of unworthiness adopts into a response that confirms the original feeling of being useless every time the person faces similar experiences. Cognitive therapy works at testing the assumptions the client had and co nsidering new information capable of shifting the assumptions to a direction that allows different behavioral or emotional reactions. The clients with the help of the therapist train how to use flexible ways of thinking and response to issues. The therapy challenges the clients to interrogate their thoughts on the truthfulness and the advantages of such thoughts to their goals. If a thought is found unhealthy, the therapy recommends it replacement with more helpful thoughts capable of facilitating more desirable responses and can aid achievements of the client’s goals. Cognitive therapy therefore can be termed as a skill-building approach that allows the therapist to teach the client how to practice the skills learned individually until they become their own

How to increase cardiovascular health in the US population with Essay

How to increase cardiovascular health in the US population with diabetes - Essay Example Participation in physical activities among the girls also diminishes greatly as they grow up. This affects them significantly and makes them to be prone to diabetes. According to the American Heart Association, people who are prone to cardiovascular diseases range above 50 years. Many a time and often, cardiovascular diseases have been associated with men. However, women also suffer from heart diseases almost 10 years later. 25% of most old people who suffer from the cardiovascular diseases have little physical activities. 40% of women have excess cholesterol that lead to heart congestion thus strained blood flow. The adolescent especially those who spend a lot of time on TV consume more calories and they eat food rich in fats, they drink more sodas, and take a lot of juice. Some researchers have established that eating while watching increases satiety of eating, which make one to overeat thus increase of weight. Due to the curiosity of the advertisements, adolescent often take the s ugary food on adverts. People who spend a lot of time in office work, which does not involve a lot of physical work also run the risk of gaining more weight than necessary. People who do manual labor are less likely to develop cardiovascular diseases due to their physical engagements that automatically lead to the burning of too much calories. The obese people are also involved in this study. Obese people are likely to suffer from cardiovascular diseases. They thus need immediate attention for them to be safe from the dreadful complications. Seeking to know the means of transport each category of the research participants uses can help in determining whether their bodies get some form of exercise; for example, those who ride on bicycles most of the time a less likely to suffer from cardiovascular complications than those who depend on vehicles. Finding out the hours one spend in watching TV helps the group to determine the major cause of

A novel reporter for translational recoding by the Foot-and-mouth Essay

A novel reporter for translational recoding by the Foot-and-mouth disease 2A peptide - Essay Example From this research, it is clear that the primary long-term goal of the project is to determine interactions of release factors specifically needed for the 2A reaction. The method for determining this is genetical to isolate mutations within genes responsible for encoding release factors in the yeast cell that pause the 2A response. Upon synthesis of ubiquitin as part of a polyprotein, it is removed from polyprotein by specific cytosolic proteinases, indicating a new N-terminus to the remainder of the protein. Arginine shows clearly that this protein is degraded urgently as soon as it is degraded. It follows that the stability of an Ade2p portion of the protein depends on the activeness of 2A peptide. The white color of the yeast generates a color-based selection for mutants. This paper makes a conclusion that the larger part of the work undertaken was successful despite, not accomplishing the initial goal of the underlying project. Demonstration of the gap repair process of the PCR and underlying in vivo worked for SUP45. Because of the frequent time constraints, I was incapable of continuing to the massive part of the screen for the sup45 mutants as outlined in the project description. The prevailing project never alters, and the entire work undertook in line with the underlying scope of the initial aim. Nevertheless, the existing work departed described within the original proposal with the choosing yeast strains with the underlying suitable features was fundamental

Business and social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and social Responsibility - Essay Example Since, they have to face the end users, their stake is quite critical. Each stakeholder of the company is as important as the other. The management is responsible for the overall strategy and production enhancement of the company. They are also responsible to take care of their workers and their channel partners. At the same time they have a social responsibility to the area where they are operating. Their decision is crucial for the future of the rest of the stakeholders and dependants. They need cooperation from the workers as well as the distributors and stockists, which will help them to increase their productivity and sales. It is up to them how they wish to run the company and what issues and objections they need to overcome. The issues could be varied and may not have direct relation to the company’s primary objective, which is turnover and profitability. Similarly the workers have a huge role to play in the organization, since they are the only source of manpower in the area. It is a coexistent for both the groups. Each of the group is dependant on the other for their existence. They are responsible for the efficient productivity at the plant and their decision is important for the company to survive and grow. But they also need to be aware of their well being and the effect it will have in Teesside. Also, their cooperation and understanding of the company’s requirements is essential, so as to come to a consensus with the management. The same applies for the distributors, who must ensure the availability of the company’s product at their sales point. They are the direct contact point for the company to the end user and they are to ensure a positive image to the customers. Hence, any negative vibe or feelings of the customer needs to communicated to the company. If one considers the ethical issues surrounding Chemdex Chemicals, then we need to understand the difference between ethical and unethical business practice.

How to increase cardiovascular health in the US population with Essay

How to increase cardiovascular health in the US population with diabetes - Essay Example Participation in physical activities among the girls also diminishes greatly as they grow up. This affects them significantly and makes them to be prone to diabetes. According to the American Heart Association, people who are prone to cardiovascular diseases range above 50 years. Many a time and often, cardiovascular diseases have been associated with men. However, women also suffer from heart diseases almost 10 years later. 25% of most old people who suffer from the cardiovascular diseases have little physical activities. 40% of women have excess cholesterol that lead to heart congestion thus strained blood flow. The adolescent especially those who spend a lot of time on TV consume more calories and they eat food rich in fats, they drink more sodas, and take a lot of juice. Some researchers have established that eating while watching increases satiety of eating, which make one to overeat thus increase of weight. Due to the curiosity of the advertisements, adolescent often take the s ugary food on adverts. People who spend a lot of time in office work, which does not involve a lot of physical work also run the risk of gaining more weight than necessary. People who do manual labor are less likely to develop cardiovascular diseases due to their physical engagements that automatically lead to the burning of too much calories. The obese people are also involved in this study. Obese people are likely to suffer from cardiovascular diseases. They thus need immediate attention for them to be safe from the dreadful complications. Seeking to know the means of transport each category of the research participants uses can help in determining whether their bodies get some form of exercise; for example, those who ride on bicycles most of the time a less likely to suffer from cardiovascular complications than those who depend on vehicles. Finding out the hours one spend in watching TV helps the group to determine the major cause of

Business and social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and social Responsibility - Essay Example Since, they have to face the end users, their stake is quite critical. Each stakeholder of the company is as important as the other. The management is responsible for the overall strategy and production enhancement of the company. They are also responsible to take care of their workers and their channel partners. At the same time they have a social responsibility to the area where they are operating. Their decision is crucial for the future of the rest of the stakeholders and dependants. They need cooperation from the workers as well as the distributors and stockists, which will help them to increase their productivity and sales. It is up to them how they wish to run the company and what issues and objections they need to overcome. The issues could be varied and may not have direct relation to the company’s primary objective, which is turnover and profitability. Similarly the workers have a huge role to play in the organization, since they are the only source of manpower in the area. It is a coexistent for both the groups. Each of the group is dependant on the other for their existence. They are responsible for the efficient productivity at the plant and their decision is important for the company to survive and grow. But they also need to be aware of their well being and the effect it will have in Teesside. Also, their cooperation and understanding of the company’s requirements is essential, so as to come to a consensus with the management. The same applies for the distributors, who must ensure the availability of the company’s product at their sales point. They are the direct contact point for the company to the end user and they are to ensure a positive image to the customers. Hence, any negative vibe or feelings of the customer needs to communicated to the company. If one considers the ethical issues surrounding Chemdex Chemicals, then we need to understand the difference between ethical and unethical business practice.

Dramatic irony Essay Example for Free

Dramatic irony Essay (Act 3, scene 3, line 135): I think thou dost; and for I thou rt full of love and honesty †¢This is ironic because Othello thinks Iago is a honest man when in reality Iago is scheming against him Foreshadowing Act 3, scene 3, line 100- 103): Excellent wretch! Perdition catch my soul †¢This line foreshadows bad events that will happen if Othello falls out of love with Desdemona. Symbol:  Handkerchief:symbolizes Desdemona and Othellos bond and marriage and once it is lost we see that their marriage is coming apart. Paradox  (Act 3, scene 3, line 202): Poor and content is rich, and rich enough †¢In this quote Iago is comforting Othello with a paradox after Iago arouses Othellos suspisious of Desdemona being unfaithful. Hubris  (Act 3, scene 3, line 314): tis the plague of great ones †¢In this line Othello is being very hubris because he is basically say that great people have to suffer more than average people. He is showing his big ego and is using it to convince himself why Desdemona would be unfaithful to him (Act 3, scene 3, line 406): Pride, pomp and circumstance of glorious war! †¢In this quote Othello is talking about his position as a general, and how since Desdemona cheated on him that everything he had is now gone. Metaphors  (Act 3, scene 3, line 441- 445): Her name, that was as fresh as dians visage, is now begrimed and black †¢This line is a metaphor because Othello basically saying the Desdemonas repuation was as white as snow. (Act 3, scene 3, line 514-517): Never, Iago.Like to the Pontic Sea, Whose icy current. †¢This line is a metaphor because Othello is saying that is rage or violent thoughts are flowing like a river. Allusions: (Act 3, scene 3, line 442): As Dians visage †¢Othello is making reference to the goddess of chasity

LOreal Global Marketing Strategy

LOreal Global Marketing Strategy LOreal is a great example of how global branding strategy can be used to generate new growth opportunities when all other companies were not going great guns. In the late 90s and early 2000s when the Asian and Latin American economies were shaky and doing poorly, and numerous international brands struggled, LOreal surged ahead. How did it happen? The answer lies in their beautifully framed mission statement as it elaborates their understanding of the marketability of their product and the need of marketing it globally: at LORÉAL; we believe that everyone aspires to beauty. Our mission is to help men and women around the world realize that aspiration, and express their individual personalities to the full. This is what gives meaning and value to our business, and to the working lives of our employees. We are proud of our work. (Source: LOreal website, www. loreal.com) 1 In 2005, the $18.89 billion LOreal group was the most successful cosmetics brand. According to the business week survey 2004 LOreal was ranked 49th. LOreal marketed beauty products e.g. Makeup, perfume, and skincare and hair products to both women and men in approximately 150 countries. The LOreal group reported its 19th consecutive year of double digit growth in December 2005. Since 1989, LOreals sales had grown at a compounded annual rate of 12% to 1.7 billion. Analyzing the kind of growth story it has written an analyst has rightly described it as the United Nations of beauty .the kind of global presence LOreal has it can only be compared to the United Nations. LOreals global branding strategy thats doing wonders has been actively spearheaded by Owen Jones himself. Lindsey Owen Jones has been the CEO of LOreal for nearly two decades and a chairman now, and under his leadership LOreal has really fine tuned its global branding strategy. Interestingly some press reports tell us that he has been seen roaming around streets in foreign markets to understand the new and existing trends. And without any doubts his interesting work style seems to work wonders. The branding strategy of LOreal has such an impact that LOreal seems to be the only global leader in every segment of the cosmetics industry, right positioning of its products seems to be the key .whatever its trying to sell the French elegance or street smartness of America; is getting good response throughout the world .and LOreal has been able to reach its consumers across the national and cultural boundaries. Owen Jones says: We have this great strategy back in the head office of how we are going to do it worldwide. But when you go out and look at what is happening, is there a big gap between your projections and the reality of what you see and hear? It is so important to have a world vision because otherwise decentralized consumer goods companies with many brands can fracture into as many little parts if somebody isnt pulling it back the other way the whole time with a central vision. This really explains why he prefers roaming in the streets for his strategy making rather than sitting in the boardroom. Having said all that its quiet evident that the global branding strategy of LOreal has paid huge dividends to the company overall. In order to understand this splendid growth story we need to see how exactly LOreal applied their strategy to the countries that were entirely distinct as far as the lifestyle, spending pattern and culture is concerned. LOreal was started in France, has a good brand value in the united states of America, is reaping good dividends from India and has a remarkable presence in Japan. These are different complex societies with different needs, so how exactly LOreal managed to be equally successful in all these places? This question needs some fact finding to be done on the basis of country specific products and strategies adopted by the cosmetics conglomerate. Thats what exactly we will try doing in the next section of this case study. In India 4 billion 7.5 ml sachets are sold every year and thats a staggering 66% of total shampoo consumption in India. Most of the urban Indian women (96%) use shampoo, however only 46% use foundation. For hair care a huge 74% population of Indian women still rely on home remedies, 42% use henna and 94% use hair oil, as far as the LOreals sale per person in India is concerned is just 10 cents compared to 28 Euros per person in France. In India skin lightening creams (fairness creams) constitute more than 50% of skincare market people seem to be crazy for getting for getting fairer. (Source: LOreal, Nielsen) These facts are self explanatory about the nature of Indian market and its clearly stating that the strategy used in USA or any other European countries is not going to work in India. USA is a mature market as far as cosmetics consumption is concerned India is an emerging economy with most of the population below 35 years of age and a huge aspiring middle class. The cosmetics market is growing approximately at an annual rate of 16% in India, still a long way to go. The youth in urban centers is very concerned about the image but the larger section is still off the fashion map. Interestingly even after the success story of corporate India , apparently its still a country that is very much community oriented. The great Indian middle class is aspiring but still has the community driven cultural values intact. LOreal has taken this fact very much into consideration while preparing the marketing strategy for India. A very good example would be the launch of garnier fructis shampoo in India. The concept was to rely on idea rather than relying on advertising a brand. The idea of getting five times stronger hair was the central point that created the hype, through word of mouth or network marketing. Initially it was positioned as product for young and teenagers, once the product was established in the market it tried to change or rather increase the target base by shifting gears. In a recent advertisement of garnier hair color a daughter is shown advising her mother to try the garnier product and explaining the benefits. Again it relies on the concept of idea getting spread by word of mouth to another customer segment. This is the best example of marketing in a closed community driven society. There is one more remarkable thing about this entire campaign the catch line take care. It shifts the focus from the product to the core value of Indian society caring about others and the entire advertisement becomes more of a good advice rather than publicity. China is the worlds most populated country in the world and that makes it very clear that it has the potential of being the biggest consumer market. These days Chinese women are spending on an average 10 to 15% of their income on cosmetics products, an urban Chinese lady would use 2.2 cosmetics products on an average every morning. Evidently most of them want to be fashionable and the LOreal punch line if you want to be fashionable, just choose Maybelline, really seems to work. Masses are made to believe that this is something that represents America and it ought to be trendy. Maybelline is the product line for the masses and LOreal really uses the tendency of masses to look towards the USA thats why the Maybelline products are displayed against the backdrop of shiny skyline of New York City Chinese women prefer skincare and beauty products. According to a research by LOreal in china women are concerned about the radiance of their skin and prefer skin nourishing lotions that protect their skin from skin-drying winters. Unlike us customers most Chinese women like skin whiteners rather than tanning products. Its a sign of beauty for Chinese women. Also, the texture of Chinese hair is thicker and more course than typical US Caucasian hair. This requires different product, and really a different skill set to effectively sell and get these products moving in China. LOreal has dedicated research facilities for these and other issues, and followed up with more innovations to suit the needs and preferences of Chinese consumers.   There is one more very interesting fact about Chinese cosmetics industry; Chinese women are very concerned about the ingesting of lipsticks. This is the most interesting food attitude about Chinese women. Now following its global strategy LOreal even took this into consideration and developed lipsticks containing vitamins; as soon as this was told to the women they were more comfortable in using the product. European countries are mostly developed, here LOreal has the liberty of publicizing the brand value rather than focusing on pricing, the benefit to LOreal in these markets is that it is already well established and the brand is well known so it can concentrate on grabbing the attention of individualistic feminist women. Pricing is not a concern in these markets so LOreal can afford to have punch lines like-I am worth it because these punch lines justify the high pricing of the products and fulfill the feeling of exclusivity of high end clientele. Now lets take another example from the European and us markets, LOreal brands in these markets are quiet well established. LOreal products have been used there for few generations now; once young consumer of the LOreal brand has started aging and the same street smart products could not be positioned to them, they have started becoming the mature citizens; now their priorities have changed. A recent market report suggests that the new target segment in the cosmetics industry is 40 plus women who once used the teenage cosmetics products. The thrust is on anti aging products because it not only adds the new customer base but retains the once teenage customer also. Customer from the baby boom generation reaches the retirement age and tries to maintain healthy and youthful look and finds out that their favorite cosmetics brand is still making products for them. LOreal capitalized on their desire to look youthful and started marketing it anti aging products, it has signed sixty year-old D iane Keaton to represent the Age Perfect Pro-Calcium skin care line. Also LOreal has signed Scarlett Johansson, Penelope Cruz, Eva Longoria and Beyoncà © Knowles to promote specific cosmetics lines according to the age groups. Now this tells us how LOreal used the desire of customers to position its products. The French conglomerate believes that only two different cultures as far as fashion is concerned, are dominant, represented by two flagship brands LOreal Paris and Maybelline new York. LOreal has been projected as a French origin with elegance, high end presentation and obviously high pricing. Whereas the Maybelline product line represents the street smart American babe who is looking for the value of the money. America seems to be the growth engine of the world, in the cosmetics industry as well. LOreal has understood this and they made a strategy based on the trends in the USA and thats how Maybelline came into existence. Maybelline currently is the second largest brand in share of unit sales of cosmetics products and number one in makeup brands. It claims to be totally consistent with todays confident woman. Maybelline products targets three customer segments; youngster (16 to 25), office lady (26-35) and career women (35 plus). Marketing mix for Maybelline line of products consists of two main strategies: foreign consumer cultural positioning and symbolic New York City imagery that women can relate to everywhere. Maybelline promotion include different way of grabbing attention including promotional coupons, online advertising, sponsorship of fashion shows, signing fashion icons as spokesperson of the product ,free make up consultancy and providing scholarships etc. we can see as American cosmetic market is a mature market so LOreal tries to rely on mature marketing tactics. In the early 20th century, even American society was not very much open to makeup and skin care products .people thought that only sinful women should wear makeup but eventually with the economic independence that the American women gained; makeup and cosmetics started coming into mainstream. Cosmetics apparently became the symbol of new self belief that the American women was beaming with; and remember even Maybelline claims to be totally consistent with todays women, there are several other punch lines like maybe shes born with it, maybe its Maybelline, all the punch lines keep the self confidence of women in centre as if its not the make up but its the attitude that has to be worn. Thats why women of every nationality and culture started identifying herself with the product and this became the symbol of the 21st century woman. We always say that the world has turned into a small village. Production houses are becoming more and more global. But same cant be said about the consumers as they would still be using the products because of their own reasons. Someone in the USA can use a product just to feel exclusive however the same product could be used in the UK for health reasons. So the companies need to identify the demands of a specific market to effectively satisfy the demand while planning the globalised marketing strategy. Therefore the challenge posed to the companies is whether they should just keep changing their strategy according to the culture or can they consider every customer as a global customer with all common needs. Thats the irony we are supposed to work with these days; on one hand companies are on a global platform more than any other point of time in history however they have to adapt to the mindset and lifestyle of the customer as well. The mindset and the lifestyle of the customer are heavily impacted by the culture. Culture is defined by different norms, values, interactions, language and others personal components shared by groups of people across the world. It is a social phenomenon which defines peoples interests, thoughts and other behaviors they may exhibit in the social life. From one country to another, humans have evolved and developed different types of expressions, beliefs and behavior which can be difficult to understand for someone who does not belong to the same culture. culture is the way how the members of a particular group interact with each other on the sharing of the available means, now that determines what is going to be the need for a particular product in that society, that also decides whether a particular advertising strategy will work or not and how exactly that will be interpreted by the target customers. In different markets consumer requirements and consumer behavior may vary. Cultural aspects deeply impact the consumer behavior; the impact may be direct or indirect. The culture distinction creates the consumer behavior difference, as it can be noticed between the Asian and European continent where the culture and the behaviors are very different. Being a global organization LOreal certainly needs to understand the cultural differences and position its products accordingly otherwise the results may be far more different than they are at this moment. The thrust has to be on hitting the right customer with the right product. This can be possible only if one has a deep knowledge of local culture and beliefs. A very interesting example would be of lipstick use in china; according to a research only 3% women use lipstick for makeup. The reason that was supposed to be behind this low percentage of lipstick use is even weirder; women in china have concerns about ingesting lipstick. LOreal conducted a survey to see whether this is just an age old saying or it holds some truth, based on the findings it came up with a lipstick that had vitamins in it and in turn the demand for LOreal vitamin lipsticks increased. Another example could be real handy; in India long hair is considered necessary for a woman to be considered beautiful. LOreal considered this fact while launching its shampoo product in India and it focused on publicizing the fact that using the garnier fructis shampoo helps in getting long and strong hair. This strategy made the product very popular in India. In china or India people like to have fair complexion. In Asia, women take special care of their skin. People want radiant skins and lotions that can nourish their skin against sun .whereas in the United States people would rather buy tanning cream. On basis of this knowledge LOreal can position their whitening creams in India and the interesting part is the way the advertisements could be interpreted .the way the advertisements for the fairness creams are made in Asian countries these can be interpreted as racial advertisements in the USA but in Asian countries that seems to be quiet usual. Now thats where the knowledge of the culture and beliefs comes handy and helps avoiding unnecessary problems. From a business point of view, companies have to adapt themselves to the culture of each country in which they want to have business in.  for example, Because of the differences of culture between countries, companies need to adjust their products and services according to the local demands. This will help them to create and develop a brand image across the globe that is based on a large number of globally recognized products. Based on these examples we can say that LOreal was able to be successful in these markets because it adapted to ground realities of the particular market yet it followed a standardized strategy. If we study the marketing mix of Maybelline, it has two pronged strategy -one for the foreign markets another is the global street-smart image of the American chic. The global street smart image of New York chick can be admired in almost all the urban centers, be it India, china or Brazil. However there has to be a right mix of local flavor as well. The most important part of the LOreals strategic plan is opportunity hunting or the marketing of their products worldwide. From the initial days it already started catering to the demands of women worldwide. In order to do that efficiently they were expected to be well aware of the diversities of women across the globe .once they knew the diversities their job was to come up with different line of products suitable to the women from all parts of the world .Innovation has been the keyword for LOreal and this was made possible through constant research and development over the years .the group has already covered most parts of the world and still striving to cover more. In order to do so LOreal group has to keep respecting other peoples identity ,ideas and culture .LOreal has to keep valuing different cultures and nationalities to get their brand value up and it seems that they have been doing it really well. The success story can continue further because even today products of LOreal touches the cultural values instilled in potential customers mind .LOreal just doesnt sell the product it makes the customer buy the idea of dreaming big but still remaining rooted to the core cultural values .it has carefully devised its global marketing strategy and customized it to the local needs, and thats the reason people from Africa to Europe and America to Australia are using the LOreal products. LOreal has been doing pretty well in terms of global presence and monetary growth. The mission today is to understand consumers needs and expectations so as to meet them as effectively as possible along with widening the scope of global line of products.

How University of Maine Could Improve its Ethics Courses Essay

It is vital to understand the importance of learning ethics in the modern society. Innumerable cases of unethical conduct points to the fact that the country is suffering from a strong moral perspective. Therefore it is my belief that the University of Maine as an educator of the next generation should have a more active policy to instill its student body with ethics. As of 1996, the University of Maine (UMaine) has required its undergraduate students to enroll in a series of courses that full fills a general education (Gen-Ed) criterion. This Gen-Ed criterion includes several subject areas including the study of ethics. According to UMaine’s Gen-Ed guidelines updated in May of 19961, a course would be qualified as an ethics Gen-Ed if the course satisfies the following requirements. 1. Courses that satisfy the ethics requirement have one or more of the following attributes: a. They teach methods of ethical analysis; b. They deal intensively with ethical issues associated with a particular discipline or profession; c. They engage the student in the study of ethical questions arising through the interpretation of literature or history, or social scientific analysis designed to include ethical evaluation. 2. Programs that undertake to integrate the treatment of ethics throughout the required curriculum may submit to the General Education Committee (GEIC) evidence that the program overall meets the Ethics requirement. The GEIC may thus approve a program (for a fixed period of time, subject to regular review) as an alternative to requiring that each student's curriculum contain specifically approved courses The university has stated that the goal of its ethics Gen-Ed requirement includes, â€Å"Students gain exposure to ethics a... ...f Undergraduate University Students in General Education Courses." Journal of General Education 56.2 (2007): 149-68. Web. Boyer, Ernest L. Quest for Common Learning: the Aims of General Edu. Unknown: Carnegie Fdn Adv Teaching, 1990. Print. Currier, D. M., and J. H. Carlson. "Creating Attitudinal Change Through Teaching: How a Course on "Women and Violence" Changes Students' Attitudes About Violence Against Women." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 24.10 (2009): 1735-754. Print. Holloway, M. C. ". A Comparison Of the Impact of Two Liberal Arts General Education Eore Curricula on Student Humanitarian Values." Journal of General Education (2005). Print. Pope, Kenneth S., Barbara G. Tabachnick, and Patricia Keith-Spiegel. "Ethics of Practice: The Beliefs and Behaviors of Psychologists as Therapists." American Psychologist 42.11 (1987): 993-1006. Print.

The Role of Fear Depicted in Arthur Miller’s The Crucible Essay

The play â€Å"The Crucible† is an allegory for the McCarthyism hysteria that occurred in the late 1940’s to the late 1950’s. Arthur Miller’s play â€Å"the crucible† and the McCarthyism era demonstrates how fear can begin conflict. The term McCarthyism has come to mean â€Å"the practice of making accusations of disloyalty†, which is the basis of the Salem witch trials presented in Arthur Miller’s play. The fear that the trials generate leads to the internal and external conflicts that some of the characters are faced with, in the play. The town’s people fear the consequences of admitting their displeasure of the trials and the character of John Proctor faces the same external conflict, but also his own internal conflict. The trials begin due to Abigail and her friends fearing the consequences of their defiance of Salem’s puritan society. The witch hunt in the crucible is initiated when Abigail and her friends fear the consequences of their ‘dancing’ in the forest. This connects to McCarthyism as the HUAC is represented by the judges and the ‘accuses’ (the girls) are representatives of Elia Kazan and others like him. The theocratic society of Salem is what the girls fear as the forest is seen as the devils resting place and the puritan nature of the town forbid dancing as it was seen as ‘vain enjoyment’ which as Miller himself states at the beginning of the novel to not be allowed. The character of Mary Warren begs the girls to just admit they were dancing as â€Å"†¦you’ll only be whipped for dancin’†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , but as Abigail is questioned and Parris mentions the kettle and how he believed â€Å"†¦there to be some movement- in the soup†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , the devil becomes prominent in the conversation. This is due to Abigail fearing that she will be bl amed for devil worshipp... ...h, his wife, does not want to admit her husband’s deceit, proctor is accused of lying to the court. When Proctor confesses his sin of lechery he feels better and his internal guilt is freed. This is different to the end of the play where he signed the confession to witchcraft. He later rips it up as could not live with himself if he were to allow Abigail to get away with her lies, through confessing to something he did not do. In ripping up the confession he is also able to keep his good name which he says at the end is all he has left, his name, and he does not want to give it away. In conclusion, the fear generated by Abigail and the other girls, which began initially with their own fear of punishment, caused the town’s fear and lead to John proctor’s external and internal conflict. Therefore making true the statement the prime instigator of conflict is fear.

How motivate the second language learner Essay

The students are always motivated, and when we talk about motivation, it refer to student`s efforts to learn. Positively motivated students are more pleasant to learn, prepare more carefully for class, participate more actively and achieve more than negatively motivated students. Teachers should recognize that to improve motivation they will be dealing with cognitive, affective, social and perhaps even psychomotor variables. These recommendations are being offered as positive suggestion for improving student achievement motivation and also some thing which should not happen to participating students if high level of motivation is to be maintained. First, we should clarify for the student what is the goal of the course and what they have to do to achieve these goals. For reach this goal we should assist them. Give them feedback, and summarize important content of each class. We must have review sessions to help the student to recover what they learned. Use the example, that is, use a material which is related to what they know, in fact we should have a work which is creative and these activities should be purposeful. Give an exam and take them a test to motivate the student to have a better work. These are the cognitive works which we can do for motivate the students. In addition there is some affective variable which the teachers can done to motivate the students. They should avoid the practices which produce or continued anxity. A positive attitude toward the speakers, class and the teacher of the second language improve the motivation of language learner. Know the needs of students to achieve in some area. The teacher must be able to give reward for good work and punish for poor work if it is necessary. Use audio-visual aids whenever possible within reason. Plan for activities during the term. give them assignment to improve their proficiency. When applying a concepts use context which interesting the students Also there is some instruction to not be done in order to keep the student motivated. The student should not be made to suffer a lose of self-esteem and not be in a discomfort position like sit for a long time or cant hear what is said in the front of class. Or not asked them to take a test of what they don’t know or have an incomprehensible question. And should not be in inferior groups, or even ask them to be in a group of students who are superior learners. In conclusion to meet student needs, the teacher needs to make a commitment to themselves and to each student, to help that student grow. The purpose of teaching is growing the students knowledge which is be done by improving a motivation. If the teacher be aware of students need an the position of the class he/she can improve the level of the students` motivations and as a result their knowledge will be grow and language learning will happened as good as possible.

Essay on John Keats

Endymion is one of Keat’s early adventures in poetry.   The poem reflects Keats’ attitude to beauty.   Endymion is a youth renowned for his beauty and his perpetual sleep.   As he slept in Mount Latmus in Caria, his beauty warmed the cold hearts of Seleue (the Moon) who came down to him, kissed him and lay by his side.   His eternal sleep on Latmus is assigned to different causes but it is generally believed that Seleue had sent him to sleep that she might be able to kiss him. Keats has certainly made use of the myth of Endymion to explore his own way to realize the truth that is beauty (Hewlett, 1949).   But the myth remains only the framework.   Keats invents quite a lot.   Aileen Ward (1963) in this connection says:â€Å"the legend of Endymion’s winning immortal youth through the love of the Moon – Goddess was only the beginning or rather the ending; he had to fill up his four books with living characters, set them moving in a world of th eir own and breathe new meaning into the old legend.†And this meaning he does, indicate at the beginning of the poem:â€Å"A thing of beauty is a joy of ever;Its loveliness increases: it will neverPass into nothing; but still will keepA bower quite for us, and a sleepFull of sweet dreams, and health and quite breathing.†The theme of the poem is love, beauty and youth.   He starts this marvelous adventure laden with exotic scenery, in mid April and locates it aptly in the Isle of Wight:â€Å" †¦ So I’ll beginNow while I cannot hear the cities’ dire;Now while the early hudders are just new,And run in mazes of the youngest hewAbout old forests; while the willow trailsIts delicate ambrer; and the dairy pailsBring home increase of milk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ There are certainly inspired pieces in the first book as Hymn of Pan.   It begins after a description of the Festival of the God, which held on a lawn in a forest on a slope of Mount Latmus.   The whole a ssembly is addressed by the old priest who tells the worshippers of the bounties which Pan has heaped upon them.   The imagery is well chosen to explain the manifestation of God’s energy.   All the objects are described in happy phrases.   The God is associated with the objects of nature, every aspect which imagination, hunting for the objectively mysterious, can comprehend.   The Hymn ends in the lines in which Pan is:â€Å"†¦ The unimaginable lodgeFor solitary thinkings; such as dodgeConception to the very Bourne of HeavenThen leave the naked brain†¦.†The style of Endymion is largely that of â€Å"I Stood Tip-Toe† and â€Å"Sleep and Poetry.† This is luscious, half–feminine and often beautiful (Roe, 1997).   There is a distinct growth, of course, in craftsmanship but the most important point about Keats at this state is his depth and breath of philosophic apprehension of myth.   If we try to search for the meaning of the poe m in the organism of the structure, the divided self of Keats might be clearer, though it will affirm his inclination on the realistic side even at this stage.   The control in certain portions of the poem is uncertain partly because Keats was a young and undisciplined artist (Steinhoff, 1987). Up to the last moment, the hero as well as the poet till the last moment of his life is subject to conflicting desires.As a matter of fact, there is ambiguity in the poem.   The poem’s ending is presented in highly ambiguous way and it could be interpreted on two different levels.   On the mythological level, the maid – Indian Maiden – is only the Goddess in a disguise to test Endymion’s fidelity.   This is a fairy tale device.   So when Endymion seems to give up human love and asserts his devotion to â€Å"things of light† the maiden turns back into the Goddess and rewards him with the â€Å"immortality of passion† promised in the myth (Hew lett, 1949).To conclude, the real significance of the poem lies in search of truth, through the â€Å"bare-circumstance† of this legend.   Keats was the first poet in English who found a human meaning in the myth.   He did not fit myths into an allegorical pattern as Elizabethans did or did not only use them to decorative effect as the 18th Century people did.   Keats’ contribution lies in finding that the Greek myths were relevant to our inner experiences.ReferencesHewlett, Dorothy. 1949. â€Å"A Life of John Keats,† Hurst & Blackett, pp.325-326.Roe, Nicholas, 1997. â€Å"John Keats and the Culture of Dissent†, Oxford Clarendon Press.Steinhoff, Stephen. 1987. â€Å"Keats’s Endymion: A Critical Edition,† The Whitston Publishing Company, Troy, New York, pp.295-300.Ward, Eileen. 1963. John Keats: The Making of a Poet, New York.

Mining Investement Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Mining Investement Analysis - Research Paper Example ii. Refined copper production differs from mine production. Mine production includes the extraction of the copper ores from the copper mines while refined copper production is derived from mine production. In simple terms, mine production is just the extraction an refined copper from underground or the surface while refined copper production involves refining of copper from the mine production. Even though there is a long standing desire to capture additional economic returns through copper products fabrications, the prospects from the copper in both the short term and medium term are not pleasing. There exists variability between the productions and selling of copper and copper alloy semi-manufacturers on a significant scale is highly constrained by factors from the demand side and the supply side. Though copper is a major input in the copper fabrication industry, copper faces little competitive advantage from sourcing copper inputs locally. This is because the price of copper is set by the international commodity exchanges and greatly varies little through out the world. If a given country produces copper, a fabricator in the same country may not have much cost advantage when buying copper in another country. In this case, the maximum cost advantage which the country (the latter) could gain is the cost of shipping the cathode copper to the fabricator in the former county. The fabrication of copper required other raw materials which may not be available in the producing country. As a general rule, the copper industry prefers to use scrap provided that there is supply of acceptability quality and 37 percent of the copper be derived from scrap metal. Many copper products are copper alloys in many countries and only a few of the other metals are required. The need to import the other metals may be a source of comparative disadvantage for some countries. In some copper producing

Foundation - DBQ 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Foundation - DBQ 1 - Assignment Example Therefore, a strong foundation entails the development of a framework that provides for the development of school counselling programs. This will ensure that counselling professionals do not address issues when they arise, but develop strategies that ensure issues do not occur. In addition, the prior development of the foundation ensures that the school counselling program is comprehensively integrated into the schools mission (Young and Kaffenberger 20). The integration of the program will ensure that each student in the school is included in the program, irrespective of whether the student indicates problems that require counselling or those that do not. Establishing a foundation before counselors can delve into the counselling curricula facilitates the identification of the key components of a developmental school counselling program (Young and Kaffenberger 6). Furthermore, critical factors such as the skills, attitudes and knowledge that students should acquire as a result of the schools’ counselling program are identified before the counselors can begin their work. Therefore, the development of this foundation ensures that the schools counselling strategy is comprehensively designed and delivered systematically for each and every student in the school. Evidently, the foundation of the schools counselling program can be described as program standards that facilitate consistency in the creation, design and implementation of these programs in schools. Young, Anita and Carol Kaffenberger. Making DATA work: A process for conducting action research. Journal of School Counselling 11 (2013): 1-31. Web. 12 September 2014.